Numerous tax cuts enacted between 2001 and 2010 were scheduled to expire after 2012, part of the “fiscal cliff” that threatened to cut short the nascent recovery from the Great Recession. The expirations involved four tax acts:

• The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA) phased in income tax cuts for most taxpayers, but scheduled all the cuts to expire after 2010 to avoid conflict with Senate rules (Joint Committee on Taxation 2001).
• The Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 accelerated the phase-in of some EGTRRA provisions, but retained their expiration dates and lowered tax rates on capital gains and qualifying dividends, also with expiration dates (Joint Committee on Taxation 2003).
• The American Recovery and Reinvestment Tax Act of 2009 (Division B, Title I of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, or ARRA) provided several temporary tax cuts designed to stimulate the economy, all of which were to sunset by the end of 2010 (Altshuler et al. 2009).
• The Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 extended most provisions of those three acts through 2012 (Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center 2010).

Another tax law, the Temporary Payroll Tax Cut Continuation Act of 2011, extended through 2012 a cut in employees’ share of the payroll tax funding Social Security, from 6.2 percent to 4.2 percent. The American Taxpayer Relief Act did not extend that provision.

The Tax Policy Center’s analysis of the scheduled expirations found that failure to extend them (including the temporary payroll tax cut) would have raised taxes by more than $500 billion in 2013—an average of almost $3,500 per household. Roughly 90 percent of Americans would have seen their tax bills rise (Williams et al. 2012).

Congress passed the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (ATRA) on January 1, 2013, to prevent most of the sunsetting tax cuts from expiring. Most 2001 and 2003 income tax cuts were made permanent for all but the highest-income taxpayers. ATRA extended three ARRA provisions through 2017, while permanent changes to the estate tax and the alternative minimum tax reduced the number of people affected and indexed those provisions for inflation.

Tax Provisions Made Permanent

Income Tax

• Tax Rates: ATRA maintained the basic marginal tax rate structure of 10, 15, 25, 28, 33, and 35 percent for taxable income under $400,000 ($450,000 for married taxpayers filing jointly); the thresholds were indexed for inflation after 2013. Taxpayers with taxable income above the thresholds faced a 39.6 percent marginal tax rate.
• Pease and PEP: The limitation on itemized deductions (Pease) and the personal exemption phaseout (PEP) applied only to taxpayers with adjusted gross incomes of $250,000 or more ($300,000 for married taxpayers filing jointly); the thresholds were indexed for inflation after 2013.
• Child Credits: Prior to ATRA, the child tax credit equaled $1,000 per child and was refundable on up to 15 percent of earnings above $10,000 (indexed for inflation after 2001). ATRA  temporarily reduced the refundability threshold to $3,000. The child and dependent tax care credit rate began at 35 percent on eligible expenses up to $3,000 per child (to a maximum of $6,000) and phased down to 20 percent between adjusted gross incomes of $15,000 and $43,000.
• Marriage Penalty: Prior to ATRA, the standard deduction and the 10 percent and 15 percent brackets for joint filers equaled twice those for single filers and ATRA made this permanent. ATRA also temporarily extended the higher earned income tax credit phaseout threshold for joint filers.
• Education Tax: ATRA maintained higher annual contribution limits for Coverdell education savings accounts and higher phaseout ranges for the student loan interest deduction.
• Capital Gains and Dividends: ATRA retained the 15 percent tax rates on long-term capital gains and qualified dividends (0 percent for those who would otherwise be in the bottom two tax brackets) enacted in 2003 for taxpayers in all but the top income tax bracket. The law  set a 20 percent rate for those in the top bracket.
• Alternative Minimum Tax: ATRA set the 2012 alternative minimum tax exemption at $50,600 ($78,750 for married taxpayers filing jointly) and indexed the exemption amount, the exemption phaseout threshold, and future tax brackets for inflation.

Estate and Gift Taxes

ATRA set a $5 million effective estate and gift tax exemption (indexed for inflation from 2011) and a top estate tax rate of 40 percent. A surviving spouse could claim any exemption not previously used by the deceased, a feature termed “portability.”

Extension of Temporary Tax Provisions

Congress regularly renews a few dozen temporary tax provisions, known as extenders, for one or two years at a time. ATRA extended that group of tax provisions through 2013. Most of those extenders had expired at the beginning of 2012; their ATRA extensions were retroactive, making them effective for 2012.

• Extension through 2017 of Certain 2009 Tax Cuts
• The American opportunity tax credit, which replaced the HOPE education credit in 2009.
• Refundability of the child tax credit up to 15 percent of earnings above $3,000 (not indexed for inflation), which was reduced from earnings above $10,000 (indexed for inflation from 2001).
• The earned income tax credit threshold for couples filing jointly was set at $5,000 (indexed from 2008) above the phaseout for single filers. The phase-in rate for families with three or more children was raised to 45 percent.

Updated January 2024